A&P Links
Biol 217 and 217L
Human Anatomy and Physiology I
~ Fall 2008 ~
 
Dr. Anna E. Ross
Professor of Biology
A.E.R.'s Home Page
Office: AH 111 
Phone: 321-3436 
email: aross@cbu.edu
Office hours: 
Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday 2:00-4:30. 
Additional times by appointment.
  WebCT login
 

A.D.A.M.
  • A&P I Course Information Fall 2008
    • A&P Lecture: Mon., Wed., Fri. at 11:00-11:50 in AH 007. 

      • Dr. Anna Ross (CBU's A&P course director, member of HAPS)
    • A&P Laboratory (you must attend the section for which you are officially registered): 
      • Wed. 2:00-4:50 in AH 107.  Dr. Anna Ross (aross@cbu.edu)
      • Thurs. 2:00-4:50  in AH 107. Dr. Katie Sauser (ksauser@cbu.edu)
    • Lecture and Lab are corequisites and must be taken concurrently. 
    • Biol 217 Syllabus 2008 (MSWord to download)
    • Biol 217 Departmental Syllabus
    • Enrolled students can take the Chapter quizzes and check their quiz and exam scores using WebCT. 
 
Biol 217L Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Contents: Information for Lecture & Lab Course Topics
(Use these links to jump to the section you need)
  • Accessing \\facstaff\biology
  • How to use WebCT
  • Lab #1 Anatomical Terminology
  • Lab #2 Cells & Mitosis
  • Lab #3 Osmosis, Buffers 
  • Cell Metabolism (No lab, see Text Ch 4)
  • Lab #4 Tissues, Skin
  • Lab #5&6 Skeleton, Joints 
  • Lab #7 Midterm Lab Exam info & Cat Muscles 
  • Lab #8&9 Muscle Anatomy 
  • Lab 10: Muscle Physiology and Physiogrip
    		•
     
    Course Resources are available on \\facstaff\biology [Restricted to CBU]
    • To use the image files on \\facstaff\biology you will want to use an image browser such as ACDSee (ACDSee is  installed on all the biology lab PC’s).
    • To use \\facstaff\biology 
      • Anyone can access this shared volume from any CBU networked PC on campus that can handle file sharing.  This includes all the PCs in the Computer Center, the Science Building, Buckman, the Library, and Nolan Hall.  A person could also connect to this from their CBU dorm room. 
      • You can access the volume using \\facstaff\biology even if you don't use your username and password when logging into windows networking.  [For username enter b2 and password win9598]   You can leave the password blank.]
      • Use Windows Explorer (or ACDSee) and look for the Drive listing:  'BIOLOGY on Samba'.  If it is not listed on the PC you wish to use, then go to Windows Explorer, pull down the menu under Tools. Select Map Network Drive and map a drive to \\facstaff\biology .  (Be sure the "Reconnect at logon" box is checked and you won't have to repeat this step.)
      • If you use a valid CBU username and password when you login to windows networking, you can map a network drive to  \\facstaff\biology.
    • What's Available: Open the Resources folder for your Biology course.  Lecture Resources include PowerPoint lecture slides for each course Unit.  Lab Resources include Digital Images and tutorials sorted by lab topic. (Use the ACDSee image browser.)
    • The image files will load quickly from within the CBU Network.  These files are NOT designed to be accessed via modem! 
    • You do not need to save copies of the images or PowerPoint slides!  They will be on \\facstaff\biology the next time you need them.
     
    Web Resources Covering Several A&P I Course Topics
  • Hole's textbook, 11th ed.  ("Online Learning Center" with practice quizzes, etc.)
  • Hole's textbook, 10th ed.  ("Online Learning Center")
  • Hole's textbook website (8th ed.) 
  • http://www.GetBodySmart.com  Interactive Image Tutorials
  • Online practice Quizzes
  • A&P Essential Study Partner  (tutorials, etc.) McGraw Hill
  • A&P Study Resources:  Anatomy drill, cadaver practicals 

    • (Allen & Harper Lab Manual)
  • A&P Lab resources (Univ. Wisconsin-L) Images, etc.
  • Dr. Arnold's Glossary of Anatomy  anatomical word search
  • Medical Term Pronunciation (Merck)
  • Medical Terminology tutorial (Des Moines Univ.) Free online 
  • Medical Terminology Course (free online) material from U.S. Army manual, Basic Medical Terminology 
  • Maricopa A&P tutorials, practice quizzes, etc.
  • Cyber Anatomy Tutorials (Univ. of Newcastle)
  • Links to A&P I Tutorials and web resources (Univ. of Houston)
  • A&P Pronunciation Guide  (Palomar College)
  • Human anatomy Plastinated specimens (U. Singapore)
  • Visible Human images, interactive (@ Utah)
  • Models  (interactive labels) Palomar
  • Child Physiology Animations (brain, genetics, heart, skeleton, etc.) Sick Kids U. Toronto
  • Gallery of A&P People Palomar College
  • Human Anatomy Dissector online (cadaver photos)
  • Photos of A&P Models (Palomar College) 
  • Med Students Clinical Resource Centers (Medscape)
  • LUMEN Cross Section Tutorial
  • Anatomy Atlases (formerly Virtual Hospital)
  • Anatomy Word of the Day 
    		•
    "There are two names for everything in anatomy, except... dramatic pause... when there are three or more." Dr. Terry Meehan
    "You cannot be a great anatomist, unless you know 87 different names for the same damn thing!" Dr. Roberta Meehan
     
    Biol 217 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
    Lab #1 (Anatomical Terminology and Introduction to Lab Resources)


    		Lab #2 (Microscopy, Cell Structure, Mitosis)






    		Lab #3 (Osmosis, pH, Buffers)
     
    Diffusion and Active Transport Definitions  (modified from Dr. James S. Miller)
    1. Simple diffusion - transport through the lipid phase of the membrane; rate dependent on lipid solubility and concentration gradient; does not require ATP, passive.
    2. Facilitated diffusion - transport through a protein carrier/pore; rate dependent on concentration gradient and carrier/pore efficiency (and of course also the number of proteins carriers); does not require ATP, passive.  (Some authors use "facilitated diffusion" for carrier mediated transport but not for channel mediated transport, as for ions.  However, most prefer to include both under "facilitated" diffusion".)  Note that the rate of facilitated diffusion can be no faster than that of simple diffusion.
    3. Active transport - transport via a protein that is linked to energy use; transportation can be against a concentration gradient and can create a concentration gradient 

    1 & 2 (simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion) can both be referred to as "passive transport" - no energy consumption is directly involved
    2 & 3 (facilitated diffusion and active transport) can both be referred to as "carrier mediated" - a carrier protein/pore is involved, and transport exhibits properties of saturation and competition
  • Cell Metabolism: Text Ch. 4 PowerPoint Lecture slides are available on \\facstaff\biology and WebCT.
    •  
    Q:  Why are fats the primary stores of energy, as opposed to carbohydrates?
    A:  The main advantage is that fats are a lower density energy supply; 5 grams of fat contain the same amount of bond energy as 9 grams of carbohydrates. Fat molecules also don't have the hydration shell that surrounds carbohydrates. -- Ruth Buskirk, University of Texas  NABT
    • "...gram for gram, fats provide more energy than carbohydrates."
    • "When you weigh a carbohydrate, more oxygen is included in that weight. When you weigh a fat, you get more carbon atoms per gram and therefore, gram for gram, the fats will give even more energy (over twice as much) than will the carbohydrates. Generally, fats provide about 9 kilocalories per gram and carbohydrates provide about 4 kilocalories per gram. (Using nutritional units, that is 9 Calories/gram for fats and 4 Calories/gram for carbohydrates.)"

      • Source:  http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch106-07/carbohyd1.htm


    Goblet cell, microvilli


    Compact Bone


    Hyaline Cartilage


    Integument


    Links to
    Histology
    Sites.

    		 Lab #4 Tissues and Skin.
    • 1. The microscope slides and CD's used in Lab #4 (Tissues and Skin) are available for your use during study lab times (i.e., any time 8:00 am--5:00 pm when there is not another class in AH107).  Lecture slides are available on \\facstaff\biology and on WebCT.   I can also make a CD of lab images for you. 
      • You can use the digital images on \\facstaff\biology from any computer on campus.  Use ACDSee to view the images.
      • Study Hole Ch. 5 and 6 plus Benson Exercises 10, 11, & 12. Also, work on the Hole Ch. 5&6 worksheets and read the Lab #4 material in the Supplement. 
    • 2. Web Sites assigned for Lab #4:
    • 3. Lab #4 List of Microscope Slides (examples to know, etc.). See Supplement. 
    • 4.Videotapes/DVD's on tissues and skin:
      • Histology Video Tape Series (DVD & VHS):  Vol. 3 Epithelial Tissues, Vol. 4 Connective Tissue, Vol. 6 Cartilage, Vol. 7 Bone, and Vol. 10 Skin.  (Each tape is ~30 min. long and includes a practice practical at the end.)
    • 5. PowerPoint Lecture slides are on \\facstaff\biology. and on WebCT

      • Study the following PowerPoint Slides (the photomicrographs will help you prepare for the lab quiz, lab midterm exam, and Lecture Exam 2) 
      • Ch. 5 part 1 Simple Epithelia 
      • Ch 5 part 2 Stratified Epithelia and Glandular Epithelium 
      • Ch 5 part 3 Connective Tissue Proper 
      • Ch 5 part 4 Special C.T., Muscle, and Nervous Tissue 
      • Ch 6 Integumentary System
    • 5. What's on the Lab quiz? 
      • Digital images where I'll ask "Name the Tissue" and/or "Identify the Source" [3-4 points]  (Know the examples listed in the Supplement.)
      • Short answer questions where I'll name the location and you name the tissue and/or I name the tissue and you name one or more locations where it is found. [approx. 1/2 the quiz]  (Know the examples listed in the Supplement.)
      • Explain, define and use terms for classifying tissues (I'll ask about one or more specific tissue examples and/or terms) [Approx. 3 points] 
      • Don't worry that I've "left out" some of the details on skin: (nearly) ALL the anatomical wonders of skin WILL be included on the Lab Midterm! 



    Biol 217 Lab 28 Sept. 2005
     

    Biol 217 Lab 28 Sept. 2005
     

    Biol 217 Lab 28 Sept. 2005
     

    Biol 217 Lab 28 Sept. 2005
     

    Biol 217 Lab 28 Sept. 2005
     

    Biol 217 Lab 28 Sept. 2005
     

    Biol 217 Lab 28 Sept. 2005

    		 Labs #5 and #6 (Skeleton and Joints).
    • Benson Exercises 13, 14, 15, 16, & 17.

      • Hole Chapters 7 & 8. 
      Supplements (Yokochi, ADAM Atlas, Van De Graaff). 
    • Lab #5 deals with the skeletal system, especially the skull.  (Yes, ALL the little holes, nooks, crannies, and things you never realized actually HAVE names.) 
      • Quiz # 5 will cover the skull 

        • (ID bones, parts of bones, sutures, and foramina from diagrams, photos, and/or real skulls or model skulls).
     

    Sex Characteristics of the Skull
    Feature Male Female
    A. supraorbital ridge prominent slender
    B. occipital protuberance prominent slender
    C. mastoid process long, broad short
    D. mandible square V-shaped
    • The study of the skeletal system and joints continues in Lab #6. 
    • See Supplement and the PowerPoint slides for Hole Chapters 7 and 8. 
    • Materials available for study in AH107:
      • Human bones, medical-grade plastic casts of human bones (please handle with care;  use only the designated "safe" pointers and tools)
      • Dissectable skull; Disarticulated skull bones (please keep each bone in it's labeled plastic bag)
      • Fetal skull and medical-grade plastic cast of fetal skull
      • X-rays
      • Models of knee joint
      • Videotapes/DVDs: 
        • Wm. C. Brown Skeletal System
        • Anatomy dissection Tape #4:  Head.  Skull bones Shows excellent detail. (VHS & DVD)
     
    Height Estimation Using the Femur
    Male:  (2.32 x length of the femur in cm.) +65.53 ± 3.94
    Female: (2.47 x length of the femur in cm.) + 54.10 ± 3.72

    Links to
    A&P Sites.

    		Lab 7: Midterm Lab Exam & Begin Study of Cat Muscles

    BIOL 217 A&P Lab Midterm Exam

    • Covers all topics from the first six lab sessions. 
    • Includes handouts, Benson lab manual, Supplement, digital images, and textbook/lecture slide  information on the lab topics. 
    • 100 points (1/3 of the lab course grade) 
    • Topics 
      • Anatomical terms, membranes, body cavities [~12 pts.] 
      • Microscopy, cell structure, mitosis [~10 pts.] 
      • Osmosis, pH, buffers [~14 pts.]  ** Review this!
      • Tissues [~16 pts.] 
      • Integument [~10 pts.] 
      • Skull [~16 pts.] 
      • Skeleton, joints (knee joint) [~26 pts.] 
    • Format: Mostly practical; All short answer (ID the structure, etc.) 
      • Diagrams 
      • Anatomical Models 
      • Microscope slides 
      • Digital images (from \\facstaff\biology and lecture slides) 
      • Skull (adult and fetal) 
      • Bones (individual) 
      • Written questions (short answer/objective) 

     
     


     
     

    Biol 217 Lab 26 Oct 2005

    		 Labs 7, 8, & 9: Muscle Anatomy
    • Materials  for Labs 7, 8, and 9: (Handouts &/or in Supplement) 
      • 1. Worksheet for Hole Chapter 9: Muscular System. [Also for Lab #10-Muscle Physiology] 
      • 2. Human Muscles Lab Worksheet (diagrams to label) 
      • 3. Human Musculature Video (list of muscles identified on the video) 
      • 4. [2 Sides] Muscles of the Upper Extremity/Muscles of the Lower Extremity (Worksheet to complete using the models.) 
    • Quiz # 6: CAT MUSCLES: 
      • Superficial muscles of the neck, chest, trunk, and shoulder. The quiz will require recall memory. (Name the muscles indicated on diagrams or pinned on cats.) 
    • Quiz # 7: CAT MUSCLES: 
      • Superficial muscles of the forelimb; superficial and deep muscles of the abdomen, hip, and hindlimb. The quiz will require recall memory. (Name the muscles indicated on diagrams or pinned on cats.) 
  • Lab 7: Cat Muscles 
      • The study of muscles begins in Lab #7, following the Lab Midterm Exam.  You will work with a team using a preserved cat to expose, examine, and identify cat muscles. 
      • Correction to the Benson Lab Manual:  fix the label for the gracilis muscle (vs. sartorius) on the photo of the medial thigh (page 131).
  • Lab 8: Cat Muscles and Human Muscles 
    • Lab #8 covers the anatomy of the skeletal muscles, especially the cat. (You will work with a team to dissect the cat exposing muscles of the chest, back, shoulder and upper limb, hip and lower limb.) 
      • We will study all the required cat muscles during Labs #7-8.  Cat muscles are covered on lab Quiz # 6. 
      • During Lab #8, teams will begin using the computer resources to study human muscles (so that each team will be able to use all the resources by the end of Lab #9). 
    • Videotape/DVD: Cat Muscles (1 hr.) Videos/DVDs are also available in AH107 during study labs. 
  • Lab 9: Human Muscles 
      • Lab #9 covers the identification of human skeletal muscles. During lab you will work with a team to use the computer resources, video tapes, and models.  You will complete several worksheets. 
      • Benson lab reports. Complete Ex. 19, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, & 40.
      • Lab Quiz # 7 covers human muscles.
    • Videotape Assignments (Human Muscles): 

      • Students may also use the videos in AH107 during Study Lab times. 
      • Human Muscles (Benjamin/Cummings 25 min.). Fill in the worksheet. 
      • Human Muscles (1 hr.) 
      • Cadaver Atlas video series.  (DVD & VHS) Muscles of the upper extremity, Muscles of the lower extremity, Muscles of trunk, etc. 
    • Computer Assignments: (CD's etc.)

      • Students may also use these materials in AH107 during Study Lab times.
      • Interactive Physiology CD: Muscular System  [Also for Lecture Exam #3 preparation and Lab #10-Muscle Physiology] 
      • Human Muscle animations (Get Body Smart)
      • Human Anatomy online (Gold Standard) Dissection of Human Cadaver 
      • Netter's Interactive Atlas (Installed on AH107 Computers)
      • ADAM Practice Practical (Installed on AH107 PC's) 
      • Atlas Plus: Advanced Tools for Learning Anatomical Structure. CD 
      • Anatlab: The Anatomy Lab. Human anatomy laboratory and tutorial. CD 
      • Harper Collins Physiology Animations: Module III Events at the Neuromuscular Junction [Also for Lab #10-Muscle Physiology] (Installed on AH107 Computers)
      • Web sites: Muscle Review:  Vocabulary and practice questions.
      • Exercise and human muscle directory  http://www.exrx.net/Lists/Directory.html  Excellent illustrations and video clips of esercises.
      • Just for fun:  http://www.chezmaya.com/applet/valentin.htm   Addictive... the skeletom responds to your cursor ... notice, however, that this"puppet" is impossibly limber.
     
    Human Hamstring Muscles:  Here's a suggestion on how to remember the relative positions of these three muscles... The "Semi's" go together:  Semitendinosus has a long tendon and Semimembranosus is more medial.  The Biceps femoris is "by" itself on the lateral aspect of the thigh.  (Source:  Krieger, Paul.  20004.  Using creative analogies to teach A&P.  HAPS Educator, Fall 2004: p. 27.)
  • PowerPoint lecture slides are available on \\facstaff\biology and on WebCT.
    •  
    "Rigor mortis seems to be due to the final absolute depletion of ATP in the muscles, which then stops the cycle of actin-myosin activity at the point at which new ATP would be used:  namely, the detachment of myosin from actin.  This leaves all the myosin crossbridges in a permanent state of attachment to actin, with no possibility of relative movement between any of the thick and thin filaments.  With all the sliding filaments 'frozen up,' the muscle becomes quite rigid.  The subsequent loss of Rigor Mortis is then due to the breakdown of the muscle tissue that follows."  Dr. Steven N. Trautwein
    Also see:  Medico-legal problems of establishing the time of death:
    ... "corpses can usually be divided into those, still warm, in which no rigor is present, indicating death within about the previous three hours. Those in which rigor is progressing, where death probably occurred between 2 and 9 hours previously; and those in which rigor is fully established, showing that death took place more than 9 hours previously." "If full rigor is present, then one might assume that this is about the second day following death, depending upon the environmental conditions." 
    Biol 217 Lab 26 Oct. 2005Biol 217 Lab 26 Oct. 2005Biol 217 Lab 26 Oct. 2005

     
     

    		Lab 10: Muscle Physiology and Physiogrip
    • Ex 25, 26, 27, 28, and 30.
    • BIOPAC Lesson 1: Muscle contraction, EMG. 
    • Ex 25 Stimulator Function: Read. 
    • Ex 26 Intelitool: Read. This is the Physiogrip system. 
    • Ex 27:  Read (relate to lecture material). 
      • Ex 28 Mapping motor points: 
    • Ex 30 Physiogrip: Do this lab. Lab Quiz #8 will cover Physiogrip labs 1, 2, and 3.  [See Supplement pages 173-176, and PowerPoint slides for Hole Ch. 9.] 
      • In preparation for Lab Quiz #8:  Study the relevant topics from your text (Hole Ch. 9) and the PowerPoint slides on \\facstaff\biology, WebCT, and in your Course Supplement.
    • Lab Quiz #8 will emphasize Physiogrip labs 1, 2, and 3. 

      • You will need to be able to explain the concepts and draw sample graphs.
    • Web Resources on muscle physiology
    • Computer Resources on muscle physiology
      • Interactive Physiology CD: Muscular System 
      • Harper Collins Physiology Animations: Module III Events at the Neuromuscular Junction (Installed on AH107 PC's)
     
    Lactic Acid Helps Muscles  [From Science Roundup by AAAS] 

    "We've all felt it at some point -- the ache and burn of muscle fatigue after a long run or intense workout. Conventional wisdom holds that lactic acid -- generated when physical exertion deprives our muscles of oxygen and they switch from aerobic to anaerobic means to create energy -- is to blame for the pain. Now, a report in the 20 Aug 2004 Science shows that, on the contrary, accumulation of lactic acid actually helps to maintain muscle function. Using a preparation of skinned rat skeletal muscle fibers, Pedersen et al. demonstrated that the increased acidity associated with lactic acid production decreases the activity of chloride ion channels and helps muscles maintain their electrical excitability and ability to contract. These chloride channels normally help maintain the balance of electrical signals (which also involves sodium and potassium ions) that prevents spontaneous contractions in rested muscles. An accompanying Perspective by D. Allen and H. Westerblad highlighted the report and reviewed the history of lactic acid in muscle fatigue research."
    2007220072007

    		Lab 11: Nervous Tissue and Nerve Function
    • Benson Exercises: 18, 20, 41, and 42 (including handout) + BIOPAC Lesson 11. 
    • Videos: Histology Video Series, vol. 9:  Nervous Tissue (DVD);  Brain and Nervous System (Spektrum Videothek) 
    • Essential references: Hole, Nervous System chapters and powerpoint lecture slides.
    Neural Tissue: 
    • Digital images on facstaff\biology (Carolina Slide Sets plus other images):

      • Neurons, Neuroglia, Spinal cord, Spinal ganglion, Cerebrum, Cerebellum.
    • PowerPoint Slides sets: Nervous System Histology 
    • CD-ROMs: Microscopic Anatomy, etc. 
  • Web sites 
  • Microscope Slides (slide boxes H-# listed in Supplement ) 
  • Models: Spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerve. Neuron, synapse, etc.   Torso model. 

    •  
  • Computer Resources 
    • Interactive Physiology (CD's): Nervous System and Nervous System II
    • A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy (avail. on AH107 computers)
    • A.D.A.M. Practice Practical (avail. on AH107 computers)
    • Netter's Interactive Atlas (avail. on AH107 computers) 
    • Histology CD's 
  • Reading: Cranial Nerve Assessment (Handout, from the journal, RN). 
  • Reflex experiments and Reaction Time (as listed in Supplement; also see below) 
  • Benson Exercise 42  Reflexes in Medical Diagnosis (start at page 203)
  • Patellar Reflex demonstration