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BIOL 413: PARASITOLOGY
Course Description
Fall 2011
Updated November 11, 2011

Dr. Stan Eisen, Director
Preprofessional Health Programs
Christian Brothers University

650 East Parkway South
Memphis, TN  38104

901-321-3447
e-mail:  seisen@cbu.edu

Yellow eyes, abdominal pain & fever:

From:   http://boards.medscape.com/forums?128@@.2a0f4e0b!comment=1

Analyze This: Image of the Week

Yellow Eyes, Abdominal Pain, and Fever

Rick Kulkarni, MD, Emergency Medicine, 03:03PM Nov 23, 2011

Rick G. Kulkarni, MD, Vice President/Medical Director, WebMD

Slide

 

 

 

 

A 30-year-old man presents to the emergency department (ED) with fever, yellow eyes, and abdominal pain. The patient developed the fever, as well as chills and myalgia, approximately 5 days before presentation. He treated himself with antibiotics that he "had laying around the house," but there was no improvement in his condition. His fever remained high (up to 104°F [40°C]), and he later developed upper abdominal pain and decreased urine output. He denies having any diarrhea, vomiting, or respiratory symptoms. He reports no blood in his stool or urine. He has no significant medical or surgical history. He has no known allergies and is not currently taking medication. For the past year, the patient has been travelling between the United States and Equatorial Guinea. In fact, the patient recently returned from a 2-month trip to Equatorial Guinea last week. He denies smoking tobacco, consuming alcohol, or using illicit drugs.

On physical examination, he is ill-appearing but in no acute distress. His oral temperature is 103.6°F (39.8°C). His pulse is regular at a rate of 90 bpm, and he is mildly hypotensive, with a blood pressure of 85/45 mm Hg. His respiratory rate is rapid but unlabored at 28 breaths/min. Icteric sclerae are noted. His breath sounds are clear to auscultation. His S1 and S2 heart sounds are normal and there are no detectable murmurs. His abdomen is soft and normal active bowel sounds are heard. The liver is enlarged approximately 4 cm below the right costal margin and mildly tender. His spleen is not palpable. He is noted to have scattered petechiae on all extremities.

A complete blood cell count (CBC) shows a hemoglobin of 11 g/dL (110 g/L); a white blood cell (WBC) count of 5.9 × 103/μL (5.9 × 109/L), with 90% neutrophils, 2% lymphocytes, and 7% bands; and a platelet count of 9.0 × 103/μL (9.0 × 109/L). His blood chemistry reveals a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 43 mg/dL (15.35 mmol/L), a creatinine of 2.3 mg/dL (203.32 µmol/L), a total bilirubin of 8.2 mg/dL (140.22 µmol/L), an indirect bilirubin of 3.7 mg/dL (63.27 µmol/L), a direct bilirubin of 4.5 mg/dL (76.95 µmol/L), an alkaline phosphatase of 219 Units/L, an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of 219 Units/L, and an aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 225 Units/L. The hepatitis A IgG examination is positive, with a negative IgM. Both hepatitis B and C serologies are negative. Blood cultures are negative. A chest radiograph shows no abnormalities. Abdominal ultrasonography shows sludge in the gall bladder, with a fatty liver, but no space-occupying lesions, gallbladder wall thickening, or pericholecystic fluid are seen. A Giemsa-stained blood smear is obtained at the time of admission (see above; the blood smear is shown at 500× magnification).

What is the diagnosis? How would you approach this patient's treatment?

Our thanks are extended to Ekachai Singhatiraj, MD; Saowanee Ngamruengphong, MD; Kenneth M. Nugent, MD; and Panupong Larppanichpoonphol, MD, for providing the details of this case.

Check back with us in about 2 weeks when we'll post the diagnosis and follow-up for this patient.

 

 

Importance of hand-washing:

http://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/

Dr. Ignaz Semelweis and the establishment of hand-washing as a means of preventing disease:

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blantisceptics.htm

September 10, 2009, 12:01 AM

A Hospital Hand-Washing Project to Save Lives and Money

By KEVIN SACK

http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/a-hospital-hand-washing-project-to-save-lives-and-money/

 

Details about the lecture
Details about the lab
Supplemental reading list
Lecture schedule
Lab schedule

Dr. Stan Eisen
Office S203B
Tel. Ext.: 3447
e-mail: seisen@cbu.edu

Office Hours:        T: 1 p.m. - 5 p.m.
                             W:  1 p.m. – 5 p.m. 
                             Th:  9:30 a.m. to 12 noon
                             F: 1 p.m. - 2 p.m.

·         For both lecture and lab, you will need the following:  
          Schmidt, G., & Roberts, L. .Foundations of Parasitology, edition 8.
         Zimmer, C.  2003.  Parasite Rex.  Arrow Books Ltd; New Ed edition (September 4, 2003), ISBN-10: 0099457997, ISBN-13: 978-0099457992
          Eisen, S. (2011). Parasites On Parade. Available from campus bookstore.

 

Some useful resources:

NYU Virtual Microscope BETA 5 : Parasitology

http://cloud.med.nyu.edu/virtualmicroscope/program/2

 

The home page for the website is here:

http://cloud.med.nyu.edu/virtualmicroscope/

 

Enhanced virtual microscopy for collaborative education

BMC Medical Education 2011, 11:4

http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6920-11-4.pdf

 

Drisdelle, Rosemary (2010).  Parasites:  Tales of Humanity’s Most Unwelcome Guests. 

 

 

In this course, we will be concentrating on the biology of those parasitic organisms which are of medical or veterinary importance. The emphasis of the course will be on natural history, so you will be responsible for the following information pertaining to each parasitic organism covered in class: 1)Binomial nomenclature; 2)Phylogenetic relationship; 3)Life cycle; 4) Preferred definitive host(s); 5)Intermediate and/or vector host(s); 6)Geographical locations where the parasite is found and is endemic; 7)Organs affected; 8)Symptoms associated with infection; and 9)Drugs used in treatment.

DETAILS ABOUT THE LECTURE

Your lecture grade will be based on the following:

1.   FOUR MIDSEMESTER EXAMS: Each of these exams will consist of essay and identification/practical questions. Each of these exams will be comprehensive and count 1/7 towards your final grade;

2.     A presentation on an assigned chapter from Parasite Rex, OR, if you are an alum(na) of Dr. Joy Layton’s Entomology class, on an order of parasitic insects:  The class will be divided into groups, and each group will be responsible for giving a presentation on the major points presented in their assigned chapters.  Each group is responsible for submitting an outline of their presentation AND 5 multiple-choice questions (with answers) at least 24 hours in advance of their presentation.  This presentation, and accompanying outline and questions, will count 1/7 towards your final grade;

Each group MUST:

1)    Make an appointment to meet with me some time in the week prior to their presentation so that we can review the presentation (and PowerPoint file);

2)    Prepare review notes of their presentation and send them to me as .doc or .docx files at least 24 hours in advance so that I can forward them to the rest of the students;

3)    Prepare 5 multiple-choice questions, with the answers CLEARLY indicated, and send them to me as a .doc or .docx file at least 24 hours in advance so that I can forward them to the rest of the students

4)    Give a 15-30 minute presentation on their topic

5)    The grading rubric for the presentation, based on a 4-point scale is fairly simple:

If you:

Then you’ll get:

     Meet with me to discuss your presentation, and it sounds intelligent


1 point

     Submit the review notes at least 24 hours in advance


.5 point

     Submit 5 multiple-choice questions, WITH ANSWERS INDICATED at least 24 hours in advance


.5 point

     Show up on your appointed day, awake, lucid & sober


.5 point

     Not only do you show up on your appointed day, awake, lucid & sober, your presentation is considered interesting and comprehensible by your peers in the class.

 


1.5 point

 

TOTAL

 

4        points (i.e., the MAX)

List of Presenters

 

Date of Presentation

Topic

 

List of presenters

W Sept. 7

Mallophaga and Anoplura

·         Fong, Joe

·         Kim, David

W Sept. 7

Hemiptera; 37 (214-216)

·         Haughey, Corey

·         Edwards, Justin

W Sept. 7

Siphonoptera; 38 (219-231)

·         Drake, Michael

·         Long, Staci

F Sept. 9

Parasite Rex:  (1)Nature’s Criminals

·         Banks, Robert

·         Soliman, Indiana

F Sept. 9

Parasite Rex:  (2)Terra Incognita

·         Fitzgerald, Amanda

·         Ford, Anthony

W Sept. 14

Diptera:  Family Culicidae (Mosquitos)

·         Holmes, Timonesha

·         Jackson, Shanandria

·         Montgomery, Katrina

F Sept. 16

Diptera:  Other flies

·         Bahniuk, Christian

·         Dunn, Jessica

·         Chillis, Porsha

M Sept 19

Hymenoptera

·         Ebony Talbert

·         Amy Trimm

M Oct 10

Parasite Rex:  (3)The Thirty Year’s War

·         Anderson, Larry

·         Gluszek, Catherine

·         Hill, Sarah

M Oct 10

Parasite Rex:  (4)A Precise Horror

·         Frymark, Allyson

·         Williams, Angela

·         Bownes, Samantha

W Nov 9

Parasite Rex:  (5)The Great Step Inward

·         Parag, Bhavyata

·         Selvo, Nick

W Nov 9

Parasite Rex:  (6)Evolution from Within

·         Clausel, Cheryl

·         Fernando, Christini

M Nov 28

Parasite Rex:  (7)The Two-Legged Host

·         Jeu, Kelly

·         Renfro, Adrienne

M Nov 28

Parasite Rex:  (8)How to Live in a Parasitic World

·         Johnson, Austin

·         Kennon, Elizabeth

 

 

 

3.     Joyful, enthusiastic participation in the Eco-Trek program of the Memphis Botanic Garden, as described below:  Since I brought my Limnology students to the Memphis Botanic Garden last Spring, I have become the contact person for them.  They are looking for college students familiar with biology to volunteer as the instructors for this program, where the children will be escorted by their teachers to 3 or 4 stations, including meadow, forest, and pond ecosystems, and it is YOUR job to talk about 20-25 minutes about the wonderful things they will find at that ecosystem.  Participants are expected to attend one orientation session, so that everyone knows what will be covered at each station.  On your appointed day(s) during that week, you are expected to show up at 9:30 a.m. and stay until 12:30 p.m.  Participation in this Eco-Trek program will count 1/7 towards your final grade, AND it will give you an idea of the target audience for the final project.
MBG_EcoTrekFlyer

If you absolutely, positively CANNOT participate on ANY DAY, then you can make this up by writing a report on our excursion to the Gulf Coast Research Lab, scheduled for the weekend of Nov. 3-6.

4.     Joyful, enthusiastic participation in a final project – writing a book for 8 to 12 year-olds, with a running title of “Parasites that cause abdominal pain and diarrhea that you just may pick up in your school cafeteria:  Rather than taking a boring exam during finals week and requiring ME to read through the drivel you write for your answers, I would rather work together in writing a book for e-publication on intestinal parasites that cause abdominal pain and diarrhea.  The target audience would be identical to that of Sylvia Branzei’s Animal Grossology: The Science of Creatures Gross and Disgusting [Paperback],
http://www.amazon.com/Animal-Grossology-Science-Creatures-Disgusting/dp/0843110112/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1313954120&sr=1-1 .  It should include pictures of the parasite (trophozoite and cyst for protozoa, worm & ova for helminthes) plus a short text as to how the parasite is acquired, and its symptoms.  We will then submit our manuscript to Amazon CreateSpace, http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=15015781 , or some suitable self-publishing venue. 

DETAILS ABOUT THE LAB

You will be learning techniques which are pertinent to the study of parasitology. These include and will not be limited to the following:

1.     Preparation of permanent slides of stained helminths;

2.     Preparation of wet mount of fecal smears;

3.     Removal of parasitic organisms from dissected host animals;

4.     Concentration of ova by fecal flotation;

5.     Preparation of a smear of parasitic protozoa from earthworms.

These techniques will, in turn, be integrated into 4 experiments, 3 of which you will write up as lab reports.

1.     Incidence of digenean parasites among marsh snails in the Gulf Coast area.  In order to conduct this experiment, participation in the annual trip to the Gulf Coast Research Lab, scheduled for Thursday, November 3 through Sunday, November 6 is optional, but if you choose NOT to participate, you’ll be missing a lot;

2.     Survey of parasites collected from freshwater fish collected locally;

3.     Conditions required for the excystation of Posthodiplostomum minimum metacercariae;

4.     Life history and control of mosquitos.

Each of these lab reports can be written either individually or by groups consisting of up to 4 students.  All students who submit the same lab report will get the same grade. 

Generally, you will NOT be exposed to human pathogens. Nonetheless, you will be required to follow rigorous safety procedures.

Your final grade will be based on the following:

1.     Weekly quizzes of short answer and identification questions, covering the previous lab’s specimens.  Collectively, these quizzes will count 1/6 towards your final grade;

2.     Two typewritten (word processed) laboratory reports from the experiments described above.  The papers are to be written in the same format for articles appearing in the Transactions of the Tennessee Academy of Science and will be due two weeks after the completion of data collection. Grading of the laboratory reports will be on the basis of spelling, grammar, clarity, and content. Each lab report will count 1/6 towards your final grade;

3.     A report on the movie Contagion.  This report will count 1/6 towards your final grade. 

4.     A midterm exam consisting of short answer and identification questions.  This exam will count 1/6 towards your final grade;

5.     A final exam consisting of short answer and identification questions.  This final exam will count 1/6 towards your final grade.

Some of the experiments will require more time than a single four-hour block of time allows. You will be expected to collaborate in order to complete the work. Furthermore, participation in all fishing and field trips is mandatory.

Some details of the field trip to the Gulf Coast Research Lab

During the Fall semester, CBU schedules a weekend trip to the Gulf Coast Research Lab in Ocean Springs, MS, to give students a “taste” of marine biology.  This trip is considered a mandatory part of the course, and will involve everyone participating in a collecting trip in Biloxi Bay, which opens to the Gulf of Mexico, and conducting an experiment on the incidence of digenean parasites among marsh snails found in the area.  The trip is heavily subsidized by Biology Department funds, so that the major expenses that are the students’ responsibility are fuel and food.  For more information about the GCRL, go to http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/ . 

We will be staying in the dormitory facilities of the Gulf Coast Research Lab.  Each suite consists of 3 bedrooms, each of which has a capacity of 2 people, and a bathroom.  Each bedroom has 2 beds, 2 desks, and 2 chairs.  To keep costs down, you are asked to bring your own linens and pillows.   

The grading scale for the lecture and the lab will be the following:

A = 3.5 - 4.0
B = 2.75 - 3.49
C = 2.00 - 2.74
D = 1.00 - 1.99
F = <1

By the way, regarding laboratory reports:

scrooge

 

 

“Brevity is the soul of wit.”

 

CLASS ATTENDANCE POLICY

Every student is expected to attend classroom and laboratory periods regularly. A student who has been absent, even for a legitimate cause, is under obligation to make up the work. Any student who has missed a total of eight hours of class may be dropped from the course, with a mark of "F", at the discretion of the teacher.

Biol 413: Parasitology Lecture
Fall 2011
Lecture Schedule

Date

Day

Lecture Topic

Textbook Chapter(s)

Parasites on Parade Pages

8/22

M

 The magnitude of the problem:
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/DevelopingWorldParasites.htm

Parasite Video

1-2

1-18

8/24

W

Parasite Video, cont’d

8/26

F

Introduction:

·         Types of interspecific interactions

·         Some definitions

·         Adaptations to a parasitic existence

·         Candidates for parasitic infections

·         Six essential aspects of parasite life cycles

·         Diagnostic methods

·         A world view

Life cycle of Babesia microti
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOakxoorjoQ

 

8/29

M

A discussion of the Eco-Trek program at the Memphis Botanic Garden during the first week of October.

An introduction to the immune system:
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ComponentsOfImmuneSystem.htm

Basic Principles in Immunology & Pathology
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/final/immun/immun.htm

Oddly enough, infection with parasitic worms may reduce the risk of asthma:
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/TheWormHasTurned.htm 

 

 

3

8/31

W

Phylum Arthropoda: Form, Function and Classification
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/Arthropoda_files/frame.htm

Crustaceans

33


34

198-240

9/2

F

Class Insecta
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ClassInsecta.htm

Insect life cycles
http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/life.htm

Insect development
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/morphogenesis.html

 

 



36

 

 

 

 

 


226-232

9/5

M

Labor Day – No Class

 

 

9/7

W

Mallophaga & Anoplura

·         Pediculus humanus

·         Phthirus pubis

Hemiptera: True bugs

·         Cimex lectularis

·         Rhodnius prolixus

·         Triatoma infestans

Siphonoptera: The fleas

·         Pulex irritans

·         Ctenocephalides spp.

·         Xenopsylla cheopis

·         Tunga penetrans

9/9

F

Presentations on Chapters 1 and 2 of Parasite Rex

What’s causing that itch?  (A slideshow from Medscape):
http://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/bedbugs-lice-mites?src=mp&spon=17&uac=40240FX

 

 

9/12

M

LECTURE EXAM I – will include Chapters 1 and 2 from Parasite Rex.   

 

 

9/14

W

Diptera: Family Culicinae (Mosquitos)

38

204-210

9/16

F

Diptera: Other flies

·         Simulium spp.

·         Glossina spp.

·         Lutzomyia spp.

·         Chrysops spp.

·         Phlebotomus spp.

39

211-213, 217-218

9/19

M

Hymenoptera

·         Copidosoma floridanum

·         Infected caterpillar becomes a “nursery” for parasitic wasps:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs&feature=related

·         The wasp Ampulex compressa is a parasitoid, whose females inject venom to lay an egg into the cockroach Periplaneta americana -- “Zombie” cockroach -- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzGCSk1Zpoo

·         Jewel wasp paralyzing a cockroach, laying its egg, and barricading it in a laboratory setting:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN2XMyxAs5o 

·         Cicada-killer trying to subdue a cicada:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yjrwkTpAtc



40

9/21

W

Parasitic Arachnids: Ticks and Mites

·         Dermacentor andersoni

·         Ixodes spp.

·         Trombicula alfreddugesi

41

233-237; 238-240

9/23

F

Basic Principles of Epidemiology
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/AnIntroductionToEpidemiology_files/frame.htm

Parasitic Protistans: Form, Function and Classification
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ParasiticProtozoa_files/frame.htm

Protists for BIOL 413

Phylum Sarcomastigophora   

Order Kinetoplastida: The trypanosomes http://www.medicalecology.org/diseases/d_african_trypano.htm

·         African trypanosomiasis:  Trypanosoma rhodesiense, T. gambiense, T. brucei

·         American trypanosomiasis:  Trypanosoma cruzi

4

 

 

 

5

118-119

 

 

 

41-58

9/25

M

Order Kinetoplastida: The leishmanias

·         Leishmania donovani

·         Leishmania tropica

·         Leishmania braziliensis

5

41-58

9/28

W

Other Flagellates

·         Chilomastix mesnili

·         Giardia lamblia

·         Trichomonas vaginalis

Practice Lab Midterm Exam:
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/LbPracticeMidtermFa2009.htm

6

19,36-40

9/30

F

Rosh Hashanah – No class 

10/3

M

Subphylum Sarcodina: The Amebas

·         Entamoeba histolytica

·         Entamoeba coli

·         Entamoeba gingivalis

·         Endolimax nana

·         Iodamoeba butschlii

·         Naegleria fowleri

·         Acanthamoeba castellanii

7

19-28

10/5

W

http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/BIOL413LcEx02IDAnswerKeyFa2005_files/frame.htm

Phylum Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidia, and Related organisms:

http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/api.html

·         Toxoplasma gondii

·          Pneumocystis

·         Cryptosporidium)

 

8

30-35, 99-105

10/7

F

Phylum Apicomplexa: Malaria Organisms and Piroplasms (Plasmodium spp.)

http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/Malaria.htm

A description of sickle cell anemia:  etiology, pathology, treatment
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/205926-overview?src=emed_whatnew_nl_0#growth

Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliated Protistan Parasites (Ichthyophthirus multifiliis, Balantidium coli)

Phyla Myxozoa and Microspora: Protozoa with Polar Filaments

9

 

 

 


10

11

59-98

 

 

 

 

106

10/10

M

Lab Midterm Exam for both labs given during lecture time

10/12

W

LECTURE EXAM II

10/14

F

Sukkot – No class

 

10/17-10/23

M-Su

FALL BREAK

 

 

10/24

M

Presentations on Chapters 3 and 4 from Parasite Rex. 

10/26

W

Introduction to the Phylum Platyhelminthes
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/Platyhelminthes.htm

Aspidobothrea

Trematoda: Form, Function, and Classification of Digeneans

Digeneans: Strigeiformes (The schistosomes)

Granuloma Formation by Schistosoma
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/GranulomaFormation.htm

13

14

 

15

      16

107-108

 

 

117-124

10/28

F

Digeneans:

·         Fasciola hepatica:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/FasciolaHepatica.htm 

·         Fasciolopsis buski:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/FasciolopsisBuski.htm

·          Paragonimus westermani:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ParagonimusWestermani.htm  

·         Clonorchis sinensis:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ClonorchisSinensis.htm  

17

18

111-114; 109-110, 115-116

10/31

M

Presentations on Chapters 5 and 6 from Parasite Rex. 

Parasitism as a driving force for sex, or, The Red Queen Hypothesis:

http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/sex&recomb.html

Curtis Lively’s home page:

http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/

Endosymbiosis:

http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html

 

 

11/2

W

Monogenea

Cestoidea: Form, Function, and Classification of the Tapeworms:

http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/Cestoda.htm

19

20

125

11/4

F

Trip to Gulf Coast Research Lab

·         Trawling Biloxi Bay for Benthic organisms and running a plankton net to sample plankton

·         Tour of the lab

·         ***NEW!!!***:  Taking a boat tour of the lower Pascagoula River;

·         Plant sampling along marsh near GCRL

11/7

M

Analysis of data from Gulf Coast Research Lab

·         Salinity from Pascagoula River and Biloxi Bay

·         Plankton samples

·         Trawling samples from Biloxi Bay

11/9

W

Tapeworms:  Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Taeniarhynchus saginata

21

126-142

11/11

F

Lecture Exam III – will include Chapters 3 through 6 from Parasite Rex.

 

11/14

M

Tapeworms, continued:  Echinococcus granulosus; Hymenolepis diminuta; Vampirolepis nana; Dipylidium caninum. 

143-148

11/16

W

Phylum Nematoda:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/Nematoda_files/frame.htm

Nematoda:  Trichurida and Dioctophymatida (Trichuris

 trichiura ; Trichinella spiralis. 

22

23

149-150

151-153

11/18

F

Nematoda:  Rhabditida, Pioneering Parasites

·         Strongyloides stercoralis

Nematoda:  Strongylidae, Bursate Rhabditians, aka hookworms

·         Ancyclostoma duodenale

·         Ancylostoma caninum

·         Necator americanus

24

25

154-161

11/21

M

Nematodes:  Ascaridida, Intestinal Roundworms

·         Ascaris lumbricoides:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/AscarisLumbricoides.htm

·         Toxocara

Nematoda:  Oxyurida, the Pinworms

Enterobius vermicularis:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/EnterobiusVermicularis.htm

26

27

162-165

166

11/23

W

Nematoda:  Spirurida, a Potpourri

Nematodes:  (Filaroidea), including Wuchereria, Onchocerca and Dirofilaria

·         Wuchereria bancrofti:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/WuchereriaBancroft.htm

·         Onchocerca volvulus:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/OnchocercaVolvulus.htm

·         Loa loa

·         Dirofilaria immitis:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/DirofilariaImmitis.htm

Maybe you shouldn’t go here:

http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/mammaryeleph.jpg

Maybe you shouldn’t go here either:

http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/eleph.fijiEN.gif

Biology as art, or maybe it’s art as biology:

http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/doorknocker.jpg

Nematodes, the Guinea Worms & Others

·         Dracunculus medinensis:  http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/DracunculusMedinensis.htm

28

29