DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
I. FECAL EXAMINATION Intestinal Helminths
Intestinal
Protozoa
Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
ovum in fecal smear

II. URINALYSIS
Schistosoma haematobium ovum

III. BLOOD SMEAR Plasmodium sp. (Malaria)

IV. IMMUNOASSAY Pneumocystis carinii
Cysticercosis
(Taenia solium)
Echinococcus granulosus Cysts
Giardia lamblia
Dirofilaria immitis

V. OCULAR EXAMINATION Toxoplasma gondii
Toxocara spp.
Ocular
toxoplasmosis

VI. BIOPSY Onchocerca volvulus
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella spiralis 3rd
stage larvae in striated muscle

VII. VAGINAL SMEAR Trichomonas vaginalis

VIII. IMMUNOBLOT Plasmodium falciparum

IX. PCR Malaria (see J Infect Dis
2009;199:1561-1563,1567-1574.)

X. XENODIAGNOSIS Trichinella
spiralis