Review of Organic Chemistry

I. Atoms are organized into functional groups in organic compounds

Functional Group

Name

Example

-OH

Hydroxyl

 ethanol-705128.jpg

 

>C=0

 Carbonyl

 Acetic acid.png

 -C=O
  |
O-H

Carboxylic acid 

AminoAcid.png

      H
-N<
      H

Amino 

AminoAcid.png

 

   II.            Complex organic molecules are synthesized from simpler components by synthesis reactions in which water is formed as a byproduct. This type of reaction is also called a condensation reaction.

III.            Complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler components by hydrolysis reactions, in which water molecules are split into H+ and OH- ions, and these ions are bonded to the constituent components. This type of reaction is also called a hydrolysis reaction.

Relationship between condensation and hydrolysis reactions:

 

IV.            Types of organic compounds

  • Carbohydrates

Types

Structure

Function

Monosaccharides - single ring sugars

glucose.gif

Disaccharides - double ring sugars

sucrose.gif

Polysaccharides - (starches) consisting of >>3 ring structures bonded together

starch.jpg

 

 

 

Organic molecules consisting solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Derivatives are found throughout metabolic pathways in cell, as in respiration and photosynthesis.

 

 

 

 

Most readily available source of energy (glucose).

Constituent of nucleic acids (ribose, deoxyribose)

Food reserve (glycogen)

Structural support (chitin, cellulose)

 

  • Lipids

Types

Structure

Function(s)

Neutral fats

Triglyceride.gif

3 fatty acids bonded to 1 molecule of glycerol

Physical protection (fat around heart), thermal insulation (in subcutaneous tissue), long term storage of energy (Talk to Richard Simmons about this.)

Phospholipids

Phospholipid.gif

2 fatty acids and one phosphate group bonded to 1 molecule of glycerol

Constitutes lipid bilayer of plasma membranes.

Steroids

cortisol.jpg

Most or all are derivatives of cholesterol

Constituent in plasma membranes (cholesterol)

Hormones (estrogens, androgens)

Emulsify fats (bile salts)

Vitamin D

Porphyrin

Porphyrin.png

Ring structure with a metallic ion in the center. (Iron is found in center of heme groups)

Transport

 

  • Proteins

Types

Structure

Function

Structural

All are polymers of amino acids, in which the sequence of amino acids will determine the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of the resulting protein. The structure will determine the function of that particular protein.

Peptide_bond02.jpg

Framework or structural support to cellular structure (Tubulin in microtubules)

Catalytic

Provides alternate pathway for reactions to occur at ambient temperatures. (Peroxidase, pepsin)

Immunologic

Antibodies which bind with soluble or attached antigens, thereby immobilizing them. (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM classes are found in blood and other body fluids.)

Transport

Small molecules bind with proteins for transport throughout cell or throughout body of multicellular organisms (hemoglobin in erythrocytes).

Hormonal

Proteins produced by one group of cells will travel via circulatory system and alter metabolic activity of other cells or tissues. (Insulin)

 

  • Nucleic acids

Types

Structure

Function(s)

RNA - Ribonucleic acid

Polymer of ribonucleotides, each of which consists of

  • One of four possible nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
  • A pentose sugar (ribose)
  • 1 phosphate group

RNA_sstrand.jpg

Regulates protein synthesis reactions at ribosomes. There are 3 subtypes -

  • m-RNA, messenger RNA, sequence of bases is translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein by ribosomes
  • t-RNA, transfer RNA, shuttles the appropriate amino acid into the ribosome when needed for formation of a protein.
  • r-RNA, ribosomal RNA, constituent of ribosomes, and is often used for taxonomic purposes.

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides, each of which consists of

  • One of 4 possible nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
  • A pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
  • 1 phosphate group

dna_molecule.gif

Species the traits an organism will have. Most DNA is stored in the nucleus. Other organelles of eukaryotic organisms have their own DNA, which usually specifies the proteins needed by that particular organelle, e.g. mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

One adenine molecule bonded to ribose & 3 phosphate groups

ATPLineDiagram.gif

One of the nitrogen bases, provides energy in immediately available form for enzymes.

Cyclic AMP - cylic adenosine monophosphate

One adenine molecule bonded ribose & 1 phosphate group

CyclicAMP.gif

Derivative of ATP which is involved in control of hormone release and activation.