Review of Organic Chemistry

I. Atoms are organized into functional groups in organic compounds

Functional Group	Name	Example
-OH	Hydroxyl
>C=0	Carbonyl
-O-C=O \|	Ester
-C=O \| O-H	Carboxylic acid
H -N< H	Amino

II. Complex organic molecules are synthesized from simpler components by synthesis reactions in which water is formed as a byproduct. This type of reaction is also called a condensation reaction.

III. Complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler components by hydrolysis reactions, in which water molecules are split into H+ and OH- ions, and these ions are bonded to the constituent components. This type of reaction is also called a hydrolysis reaction.

IV. Types of organic compounds

Carbohydrates

Types

Structure

Function

Monosaccharides - single ring sugars

Disaccharides - double ring sugars

Polysaccharides - (starches) consisting of >>3 ring structures bonded together

Organic molecules consisting solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Derivatives are found throughout metabolic pathways in cell, as in respiration and photosynthesis.

Most readily available source of energy (glucose).

Constituent of nucleic acids (ribose, deoxyribose)

Food reserve (glycogen)

Structural support (chitin, cellulose)

Lipids

Types	Structure	Function(s)
Neutral fats	3 fatty acids bonded to 1 molecule of glycerol	Physical protection (fat around heart), thermal insulation (in subcutaneous tissue), long term storage of energy (Talk to Richard Simmons about this.)
Phospholipids	2 fatty acids and one phosphate group bonded to 1 molecule of glycerol	Constitutes lipid bilayer of plasma membranes.
Steroids	Most or all are derivatives of cholesterol	Constituent in plasma membranes (cholesterol) Hormones (estrogens, androgens) Emulsify fats (bile salts) Vitamin D
Porphyrin	Ring structure with a metallic ion in the center. (Iron is found in center of heme groups)	Transport

Proteins

Types	Structure	Function
Structural	All are polymers of amino acids, in which the sequence of amino acids will determine the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of the resulting protein. The structure will determine the function of that particular protein.	Framework or structural support to cellular structure (Tubulin in microtubules)
Catalytic		Provides alternate pathway for reactions to occur at ambient temperatures. (Peroxidase, pepsin)
Immunologic		Antibodies which bind with soluble or attached antigens, thereby immobilizing them. (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM classes are found in blood and other body fluids.)
Transport		Small molecules bind with proteins for transport throughout cell or throughout body of multicellular organisms (hemoglobin in erythrocytes).
Hormonal		Proteins produced by one group of cells will travel via circulatory system and alter metabolic activity of other cells or tissues. (Insulin)

Nucleic acids

Types	Structure	Function(s)
RNA - Ribonucleic acid	Polymer of ribonucleotides, each of which consists of One of four possible nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil A pentose sugar (ribose) 1 phosphate group	Regulates protein synthesis reactions at ribosomes. There are 3 subtypes - m-RNA, messenger RNA, sequence of bases is translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein by ribosomes t-RNA, transfer RNA, shuttles the appropriate amino acid into the ribosome when needed for formation of a protein. r-RNA, ribosomal RNA, constituent of ribosomes, and is often used for taxonomic purposes.
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid	Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides, each of which consists of One of 4 possible nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine A pentose sugar (deoxyribose) 1 phosphate group	Species the traits an organism will have. Most DNA is stored in the nucleus. Other organelles of eukaryotic organisms have their own DNA, which usually specifies the proteins needed by that particular organelle, e.g. mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
ATP - adenosine triphosphate	One adenine molecule bonded to ribose & 3 phosphate groups	One of the nitrogen bases, provides energy in immediately available form for enzymes.
Cyclic AMP - cylic adenosine monophosphate	One adenine molecule bonded ribose & 1 phosphate group	Derivative of ATP which is involved in control of hormone release and activation.