|
Parameter |
What's normal |
What's not normal |
|
Color |
Almost clear to yellow |
Reddish-brown to black: indicates presence of blood. Typically, the presence of blood indicates infectious disease, neoplasms, trauma, or severe burns. |
|
Odor |
Almost odorless. Some individuals can detect a sulfurous odor after eating asparagus. |
Fruit odor due to ketones: indicates diabetes mellitus |
|
Volume |
1.5 liters/day |
Polyuria: Diabetes mellitus or d. insipidus. Also noted with certain tumors.Oliguria: Loss of fluids due to vomiting and dirrhea, or shutdown due to nephritis, poisoning or kidney failure. |
|
pH |
6.5 to 8 |
>8 indicates alkalosis: caused by gastric suction, renal failure, renal tubular acidosis, urinary tract infection, vomiting<6.5 indicates acidosis: caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (e.g., emphysema), diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, starvation |
|
Glucose |
0 |
Presence: Diabetes mellitus |
|
Ketones |
0 |
Presence: Diabetes mellitus or other glucose metabolism disorder. Also found among people with fevers, anorexia, gastro-intestinal disturbances, fasting, starvation, anesthesia. |
|
Proteins |
Some albumin |
Albumin: Strenuous physical exercise, emotional stress, pregnancy, infections, glomerulonephritis.Globulins: Glomerulonephritis, tubular dysfunction Hemoglobin: Hematuria, hemoglobinuria Fibrinogen: Severe renal disease BenceJones: Multiple myeloma, leukemia |
|
Bilirubin |
0 |
Presence: Liver disorders due to infectious or hepatotoxic agents, obstructive biliary tract disease. |
|
Nitrite |
0 |
Presence: Bacteriuria, bacterial infection |
|
Particles/Cells |
Cell "ghosts", i.e. plasma membranes and fragments of dead cells lining the excretory system which have been sloughed off; protein strands |
Red blood cells: Pyelonephritis, tuberculosis of GU tract, prostatitis, malignancies.White blood cells: Infection, glomerulonephritis, early sign of kidney transplant rejection Epithelial cells: Active tubular degeneration |
|
Breakdown products of Schedule 1 (illegal) psychoactive drugs |
0 |
Forms basis of urinalysis tests for drug surveillance. |
|
Human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
